![]() What causes such strong emotional engagement, feelings of pleasure, and an irresistible urge to move along when listening to beating drums? The desire to move and dance with music, especially with highly rhythmic music, together with the experience of feeling pleasure has been described as “feeling the groove” ( Madison, 2006 Madison et al., 2011 Janata et al., 2012). ![]() Imagine yourself among a hundred head strong percussion section of a samba school during a carnival parade in Brazil: you and the people around you are singing, dancing, and ecstatically happy, and you have goose bumps all over while feeling a close connection with the people around you. Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis we found that participants who reported stronger emotional responses to samba percussion in everyday life showed higher activity in the subgenual cingulate cortex, an area involved in prosocial emotions, social group identification and social bonding. Such motor related activity may form the basis for “feeling the groove” and the associated desire to move to music. Listening to “in sync” percussion thus strengthens audio-motor interactions by recruiting motor-related brain areas involved in rhythm processing and beat perception to a higher degree. Analysis of hemodynamic responses revealed stronger bilateral brain activity in the supplementary motor area, the left premotor area, and the left middle frontal gyrus with increasing synchrony between instruments. Results of the behavioral experiment showed increasing pleasantness and desire to move/dance with increasing synchrony between instruments. Participants listened to different excerpts of samba percussion produced by multiple instruments that either were “in sync”, with no additional asynchrony between instrumental parts other than what is usual in naturalistic recordings, or were presented “out of sync” by delaying the snare drums (by 28, 55, or 83 ms). Here we investigated the effects of performance timing in a Brazilian samba percussion ensemble on listeners’ experienced pleasantness and the desire to move/dance in a behavioral experiment, as well as on neural processing as assessed via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Listening to samba percussion often elicits feelings of pleasure and the desire to move with the beat-an experience sometimes referred to as “feeling the groove”- as well as social connectedness. 5Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. ![]() 4The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.3Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.2Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.1Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Annerose Engel 1,2,3* Sebastian Hoefle 1 Marina Carneiro Monteiro 1 Jorge Moll 1† Peter E.
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